ChloraminesRoyCEU.com

What two chemicals are used to form chloramines?
1. Chlorine and caustic soda
2. Chlorite and ammonia
3. Chlorine and ammonia
4. Chlorine dioxide and ammonia
What is the main factor that controls which type of chloramine is formed?
1. Chlorine: Ammonia nitrogen (CL₂:NH₃) ratio
2. Contact time
3. Temperature
4. Metering pump capacity
3-log removal corresponds to inactivating what percent of bacteria?
1. 99%
2. 99.9%
3. 99.99%
4. 100%
When dosing ammonia to form chloramines what chlorine factor do we use?
1. Chlorine dose
2. Chlorine residual
3. Chlorine type
4. Chlorine specific gravity
What type of equipment is used to feed anhydrous ammonia?
1. Diaphragm pumps
2. Peristaltic pumps
3. An ammoniator
4. Metering pumps
Why is it important to protect ammonia tanks from direct sunlight?
1. So ammonia will not degrade in purity
2. To minimize elevated tank pressure
3. To avoid back feeding ammonia from the supply piping
4. To avoid damaging tank coating systems
Where should an operator find information concerning the hazards associated with various forms of ammonia?
1. MSDS
2. Other operators
3. LOTO center
4. NSF
What is the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrite in drinking water?
1. 10 mg/l
2. 1.0 mg/l
3. .1 mg/l
4. 0.01 mg/l
Which factor does not increase chloramine decay rates?
1. Low chlorine-to-ammonia ratios (3:1)
2. Increase in temperature
3. Decrease in detention times
4. As disinfectant demand increases
Knowing normal operating water quality levels and comparing them to elevated water quality levels is known as?
1. Establishing a baseline
2. Bench testing
3. Pilot programs
4. Shooting from the hip
What does the AWWA recommend as a goal for chloramine residuals entering the distribution system as well as in the distribution system?
1. 5.0 entering the distribution and 2.5 mg/l in the distribution
2. 4.0 entering the distribution and 2.0 mg/l in the distribution
3. 3.0 entering the distribution and 1.5 mg/l in the distribution
4. 2.0 entering the distribution and 1.0 mg/l in the distribution
How should the accuracy of a handheld colorimeter be periodically verified?
1. Send to manufacturer for calibration
2. Verify against a color wheel
3. Check with standards and maintain a calibration log
4. Compare results to another handheld colorimeter
Systems practicing chloramination will have very low levels of free available ammonia at the point of entry, what would lower levels in the distribution system indicate?
1. Nitrification is occurring
2. Nitrification is being suppressed
3. Nitrification is stable
4. Possible cross connection in the distribution system
Heterotrophic Plate Counts (HPC’s) are recognized by the EPA as an indicator of deteriorating water quality. What is the upper limit set for an acceptable HPC value?
1. 200 cfu/ml
2. 300 cfu/ml
3. 400 cfu/ml
4. 500 cfu/ml
What is a typical turn over time recommend for a water storage tank?
1. Every 72 hours with 30-50% of the volume
2. Every 24 hours with 30-50% of the volume
3. Every 72 hours with 100% of the volume
4. Every 24 hours with 100% of the volume
When boosting chloramine residuals to control nitrification what is typical chlorine to ammonia ratio?
1. 3:1
2. 4:1
3. 6:1
4. 5:1
What happens to the rate of nitrification in elevated water temperatures?
1. Rate increases
2. Rate decreases
3. Rate does not change
4. Rate will only occur in hot water (over 100⁰F)
What is one concern when water storage tank levels are adjusted to promote turn over?
1. Structural damage to tank
2. Change in source water quality
3. Loss in available water for emergencies
4. Inaccurate tank readings at low levels
Which is not a benefit of using monochloramines as a secondary disinfectant?
1. Fewer taste and odor complaints
2. Monochloramine is effective for regrowth in storage tanks
3. Monochloramine is more effective at penetrating biofilm
4. Consumption of alkalinity
Maintenance of a disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system is listed as a best available technology (BAT) under what rule?
1. Total Coliform Rule (TCR)
2. Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products Rule
3. Stage 2 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products Rule
4. Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
Which one of the following is not a recognized method of forming chloramines?
1. Concurrent Addition
2. Preammoniation
3. Phased reduction
4. Post ammoniation
What happens to the Total chlorine residual as the residual chlorine level approaches breakpoint?
1. Total chlorine residual increases
2. Total chlorine level decreases
3. Total chlorine level does not change
4. Total free ammonia levels increase
Which factor does not create optimum conditions for nitrification?
1. Water with free-ammonia
2. pH of 9.0 to 10.5
3. Water temperature of 25⁰C to 30⁰C
4. A dark environment
Where would ammonia vapor detection equipment be located?
1. Outside the storage building
2. Near the ceiling of the storage room
3. Near the floor of the storage room
4. At the mid-point on an interior wall
Which group of bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite?
1. Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB)
2. Anodizing Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB)
3. Nitrogen Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB)
4. Nitrile Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB)
Which item below will not interfere with and result in a false positive when using the DPD reagent testing for free chlorine?
1. Ozone
2. Bromine
3. Monochloramines
4. Hardness
What pressure are emergency pressure relief valves set to release ammonia gas from storage vessels?
1. Over 250 psi
2. 200 psi
3. 150 psi
4. Over 100 psi
Why has there been a renewed interest in the use of chloramines as a disinfectant?
1. Chloramines are a stronger disinfectant than free chlorine
2. Chloramines form less disinfection byproducts
3. Chloramines produce oxygen as a byproduct of disinfection
4. Chloramines have the added benefit of forming TTHM’s
What factor determines whether a facility is required to develop and implement a Risk Management Plan (RMP)?
1. Type and quantity of chemicals stored
2. Storage tank vessel construction details
3. Type of population in surrounding affected area
4. Type of chemical stored
Which one is not typical piping material used in Aqueous Ammonia applications?
1. Stainless steel
2. Black iron
3. Copper
4. PVC
If we desired a target chloramine dose of 3.0 mg/L how much ammonia would we need to add to maintain a 4.2:1 ratio?
1. 0.71 mg/l
2. 7.1 mg/l
3. 0.53 mg/l
4. 5.3 mg/l
Which form of ammonia has the greatest purity percentage?
1. Liquid Ammonium Sulfate
2. Anhydrous Ammonia
3. Aqua Ammonia
4. Dry Ammonium Sulfate

Chloramines
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